She needs the attention of someone who cares about her.
She needs the help of someone who wants to take care of her needs.
She needs time when she is not considering what everyone else wants but when someone is considering her wishes.
She needs someone who understands what she likes and makes a plan so that she doesn’t even to think.
She needs someone to anticipate her needs, wants, and wishes and to offer to help without her having to ask.
She needs someone to notice her, love her, and adore her.
She needs someone to miss her and desire her.
She needs to love freely and trust that she will be loved in return.
She needs someone who cares about her well-being to understand what she is going trough and recognize the validity of her feelings.
She needs someone she can confide in who is trustworthy and will not turn on her or break her confidence by revealing her secrets.
She needs someone who regards her as special.
She needs someone to help her in her life so she doesn’t feel she is doing it all by herself.
She not only needs these things but needs to have them fulfilled by someone with whom she feels a natural chemistry on all levels: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. While these needs are not requirement for her survival, like eating, drinking, breathing and shelter, they are required to help her feel a higher degree of emotional fulfillment.
When the lower needs for survival are met, then the higher needs for love and intimacy become more important. For example, if you’re really hungry, then getting fed is all you’re concerned about. Once you have plenty of food, your other needs become important as well. When a woman can provide for herself she begins to strongly feel her higher needs to find fulfillment.
To experience increasing fulfillment, a woman doesn’t have to have all of her needs met at once. The whole process of dating is a gradual process of satisfying her needs a little more at a time. To be satisfied, she just needs to feel hope that one day her emotional needs will be met. In a similar manner, a man doesn’t have to have all his sexual needs met right away; he just needs the hope that they are moving in that direction.
When a man moves into a woman’s world and expresses his support, she appreciates his willingness to help as much as the help itself. On an emotional level, she suddenly feels she is not as alone in the world. When a man does something concrete and tangible for a woman, not only does the woman feel supported, but the man gets to feel successful.
Kamis, 07 April 2011
Disaster-hit Japan faces protracted nuclear crisis
TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan appeared resigned on Monday to a long fight to contain the world's most dangerous atomic crisis in 25 years after high radiation levels complicated work at its crippled nuclear plant.
Engineers have been battling to control the six-reactor Fukushima complex since it was damaged by a March 11 earthquake and tsunami that also left more than 27,000 people dead or missing across Japan's devastated northeast.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake rocked the region on Monday, the latest in a series of aftershocks, and officials warned it would trigger a 50-cm (two feet) tsunami wave.
Radiation at the nuclear plant has soared in recent days. Latest readings on Sunday showed contamination 100,000 times normal in water at reactor No. 2 and 1,850 times normal in the nearby sea.
Those were the most alarming levels since the crisis began.
"I think maybe the situation is much more serious than we were led to believe," said one expert, Najmedin Meshkati, of the University of Southern California, adding it may take weeks to stabilise the situation and the United Nations should step in.
"This is far beyond what one nation can handle - it needs to be bumped up to the U.N. Security Council. In my humble opinion, this is more important than the Libya no fly zone."
Plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co. has conceded it faces a protracted and uncertain operation to contain overheating fuel rods and avert a meltdown.
"Regrettably, we don't have a concrete schedule at the moment to enable us to say in how many months or years (the crisis will be over)," TEPCO vice-president Sakae Muto said in the latest of round-the-clock briefings the company holds.
Though experts said radiation in the Pacific waters will quickly dissipate, the levels at the site are clearly dangerous, and the 450 or so engineers there have won admiration and sympathy around the world for their bravery and sense of duty.
The nuclear crisis is an especially sensitive subject for Japanese given they are the only nation to have been hit by atomic bombs, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Last week, two workers at Fukushima were injured with radiation burns to their legs after water seeped over their shoes, and on Sunday engineers had to abandon reactor No. 2 after the new reading.
Further afield, beyond the evacuation zone around Fukushima, there has been plenty of evidence of radiation -- from tap water in Tokyo 240 km (150 miles) south of the nuclear facility to particles found as far away as Iceland.
In the latest find, traces of radioactive iodine turned up in rainwater samples in Massachusetts in the United States, but health officials there said they posed no threat.
Japanese officials and international nuclear experts have generally said the levels away from the plant are not dangerous for humans, who anyway face comparable radiation doses on a daily basis from natural substances, X-rays or plane flights.
Engineers have been battling to control the six-reactor Fukushima complex since it was damaged by a March 11 earthquake and tsunami that also left more than 27,000 people dead or missing across Japan's devastated northeast.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake rocked the region on Monday, the latest in a series of aftershocks, and officials warned it would trigger a 50-cm (two feet) tsunami wave.
Radiation at the nuclear plant has soared in recent days. Latest readings on Sunday showed contamination 100,000 times normal in water at reactor No. 2 and 1,850 times normal in the nearby sea.
Those were the most alarming levels since the crisis began.
"I think maybe the situation is much more serious than we were led to believe," said one expert, Najmedin Meshkati, of the University of Southern California, adding it may take weeks to stabilise the situation and the United Nations should step in.
"This is far beyond what one nation can handle - it needs to be bumped up to the U.N. Security Council. In my humble opinion, this is more important than the Libya no fly zone."
Plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co. has conceded it faces a protracted and uncertain operation to contain overheating fuel rods and avert a meltdown.
"Regrettably, we don't have a concrete schedule at the moment to enable us to say in how many months or years (the crisis will be over)," TEPCO vice-president Sakae Muto said in the latest of round-the-clock briefings the company holds.
Though experts said radiation in the Pacific waters will quickly dissipate, the levels at the site are clearly dangerous, and the 450 or so engineers there have won admiration and sympathy around the world for their bravery and sense of duty.
The nuclear crisis is an especially sensitive subject for Japanese given they are the only nation to have been hit by atomic bombs, at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Last week, two workers at Fukushima were injured with radiation burns to their legs after water seeped over their shoes, and on Sunday engineers had to abandon reactor No. 2 after the new reading.
Further afield, beyond the evacuation zone around Fukushima, there has been plenty of evidence of radiation -- from tap water in Tokyo 240 km (150 miles) south of the nuclear facility to particles found as far away as Iceland.
In the latest find, traces of radioactive iodine turned up in rainwater samples in Massachusetts in the United States, but health officials there said they posed no threat.
Japanese officials and international nuclear experts have generally said the levels away from the plant are not dangerous for humans, who anyway face comparable radiation doses on a daily basis from natural substances, X-rays or plane flights.
Kamis, 10 Maret 2011
Exercise Page 157-166
EXERCISE 1 (Page 157)
1. I My best friend always helpful with problems.
2. C The bus schedule has changed since last week.
3. I Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
4. C The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
5. C The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
6. I Each day practiced the piano for hours.
7. C The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
8. I The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
9. I Walking with the children to school.
10. C The whales headed south for the winner.
EXERCISE 2 (Page 158)
1. C The name {of the baby} {in the crib} is Jack.
2. I {By the next meeting} {of the class} needs to turn in the papers.
3. I The directions {to the exercise} {on page twenty unclear}.
4. C {Because of} the heavy rain {throughout the night}, the walkway are muddy.
5. I {During the week} eat lunch {in the school cafeteria}.
6. I {In the morning} after the concert was tired.
7. C {In the summer} {the trip to the mountains} is our favorite trip.
8. I {In a box} {on the top shelf} {of the cabinet} {in the hallway} {of the house}.
9. I With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
10. C At 1.00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.
EXERCISE [Skill 1-2] (Page 158 – 159)
1. I {During the meeting} {in the office} discussed the schedule.
2. I The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
3. I {The tall evergreen trees} along the road.
4. C The watch {in the jewelery box} needs a new battery.
5. I {Pleasantly greets} everyone {in all the offices} {every morning}.
6. I In the office of the building {across he street} {from the park on the corner}.
7. C The dishes {in the sink} relly nedd to be washed as soon as possible.
8. I {In a moment } {of worry about} the problem with the cash in the account.
9. I The plane {from New York} circling the airport.
10. I {On a regular basis} the plants {in the boxes} under the window in the kitchen are watered and fed.
TOEFL EXERCISE [Skill 1-2] (Page 159)
1. Mark twain (A. called) the years after the civil war the “ gilededage”.
2. Early (C. horses bad) toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. (B. tundra plans) grove close to the ground in the short arctic summer.
4. In 1867(C. the united states purchase of ) Alaska from the Russian for $7.2 million
5. Between 1725 and 1750, new England witnessed an increase in the specialization of (A.Occupations)
6. The large carotid artery (A. carrying blood) to the main parts of the brain.
7. (D. Marconi developed) radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975 the first successful space probe to (C. venus was) beginning to send information back to earth
9. The two biggest resort (A. in) Arkansas are hot springs and eureka springs.
10. NASA’s lyondon B. Johnson space center (C. was the) control center for the mercury Gemini dan Apollo space flights.
EXERCISE 3 (Page 161)
1. C The {crying} baby needs to be picked up.
2. I The clothes are {lying} on the floor should go into the washing machine.
3. C The waitress bringing the {steaming} soup to the waiting diners.
4. C Most of the {striking} workers are {walking} the picket line.
5. C For her birthday, the child {is getting} a {talking} doll.
6. C {The setting} sun {creating} a rainbow of colors in the sky.
7. I The ship {is sailing} to Mexico is {leaving} tonight.
8. C The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
9. I The {boring} class just ending a few minutes ago.
10. C The fast-moving clouds are {bringing} {freezing} rain to the area.
EXERCISE 4 (Page 162)
1. I The food {is served} in this restaurant is delicious.
2. C The plane landed on the deserted runway.
3. I The unexpected guests {arrived} just at dinnertime.
4. I The courses are {listed} in the catalogue are {required} courses.
5. C The teacher found the lost exam.
6. I The small apartment very crowded and disorganized.
7. I The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
8. C The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
9. I The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. C The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
EXERCISE [Skills 3-4] (Page 163)
1. C Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
2. C The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.
3. C The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
4. C The winnwrs deserved the big prize.
5. I The plants are growing in the garden neeg a lot of water.
6. I The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
7. I The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
8. C The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.
9. I The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
10. C The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.
TOEFL EXERCISE [Skill 3-4] (Page 163)
1. The first (D. flowering plants) appeared during the last period of the dinosaurus regin.
2. The earliest medicines (C. were obtained) from plants of various sorts.
3. Simple sails were made from canvas (B. stretched) over a frame.
4. Pluto’s moon charoon (B. is moving) in a slightly path around elliptical around the planet.
5. Techniques of breath control form an essential part of any (D. training) program to improve the voice.
6. Robert E. lee (A. surrendered) the confederate army to general grant in 1865 at the Appomattox courthouse.
7. The pituitary gland (A. found below) the brain release hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age many children regulary produce sentences (B. containing) three of four words.
9. Multinational companies (B. are finding) it increasingly important to employ internationally accepabel brand names.
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiv on (C. the exposed part) of the eye.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE [Skill 1-4] (Page 164)
1. (B. the Polynesians arrived) first settled the Hawaiian islands between A.D. 300 and 750.
2. In 1066 a bright comet (A. was appearing) in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some daguerreotype cameras (C. from the view of the object) through a hole in the back of the bos.
4. In the stone agwe stone cools (B. they polished) with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the atlantic (A. was the) savannah in 1819.
6. The earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the earth ( C. called) faults.
7. The first plants like organisms probably (B. living) in the sea , perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness (D. heredity has) strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In watch the skies , Curtis peebles (C. fascination with making ) attempt to explain america’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of (B. Massachusetts is) a succession of bays and inlets with the hook of the cape god peninsula in the southeast.
EXERCISE 5 (Page 166)
1. C The lawn needs water every day, {or} it will turn brown.
2. I The book was not long, {but} it difficult to read.
3. I It was raining, {so} decide not to go camping.
4. C The material has been cut, {and} the pieces have been sewn together.
5. I The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
6. C The bill must be paid immediately, {or} the electricity will turned off.
7. C The furnance broke {so the} house got quite cold.
8. C The dress did not too much, {but} the quality it seemed excellent
9. I The leaves kept falling off the trees, {and} the boy kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered.
10. I The postman has already delivered the mail, {so} the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.
1. I My best friend always helpful with problems.
2. C The bus schedule has changed since last week.
3. I Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
4. C The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
5. C The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
6. I Each day practiced the piano for hours.
7. C The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
8. I The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
9. I Walking with the children to school.
10. C The whales headed south for the winner.
EXERCISE 2 (Page 158)
1. C The name {of the baby} {in the crib} is Jack.
2. I {By the next meeting} {of the class} needs to turn in the papers.
3. I The directions {to the exercise} {on page twenty unclear}.
4. C {Because of} the heavy rain {throughout the night}, the walkway are muddy.
5. I {During the week} eat lunch {in the school cafeteria}.
6. I {In the morning} after the concert was tired.
7. C {In the summer} {the trip to the mountains} is our favorite trip.
8. I {In a box} {on the top shelf} {of the cabinet} {in the hallway} {of the house}.
9. I With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
10. C At 1.00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.
EXERCISE [Skill 1-2] (Page 158 – 159)
1. I {During the meeting} {in the office} discussed the schedule.
2. I The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
3. I {The tall evergreen trees} along the road.
4. C The watch {in the jewelery box} needs a new battery.
5. I {Pleasantly greets} everyone {in all the offices} {every morning}.
6. I In the office of the building {across he street} {from the park on the corner}.
7. C The dishes {in the sink} relly nedd to be washed as soon as possible.
8. I {In a moment } {of worry about} the problem with the cash in the account.
9. I The plane {from New York} circling the airport.
10. I {On a regular basis} the plants {in the boxes} under the window in the kitchen are watered and fed.
TOEFL EXERCISE [Skill 1-2] (Page 159)
1. Mark twain (A. called) the years after the civil war the “ gilededage”.
2. Early (C. horses bad) toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. (B. tundra plans) grove close to the ground in the short arctic summer.
4. In 1867(C. the united states purchase of ) Alaska from the Russian for $7.2 million
5. Between 1725 and 1750, new England witnessed an increase in the specialization of (A.Occupations)
6. The large carotid artery (A. carrying blood) to the main parts of the brain.
7. (D. Marconi developed) radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975 the first successful space probe to (C. venus was) beginning to send information back to earth
9. The two biggest resort (A. in) Arkansas are hot springs and eureka springs.
10. NASA’s lyondon B. Johnson space center (C. was the) control center for the mercury Gemini dan Apollo space flights.
EXERCISE 3 (Page 161)
1. C The {crying} baby needs to be picked up.
2. I The clothes are {lying} on the floor should go into the washing machine.
3. C The waitress bringing the {steaming} soup to the waiting diners.
4. C Most of the {striking} workers are {walking} the picket line.
5. C For her birthday, the child {is getting} a {talking} doll.
6. C {The setting} sun {creating} a rainbow of colors in the sky.
7. I The ship {is sailing} to Mexico is {leaving} tonight.
8. C The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
9. I The {boring} class just ending a few minutes ago.
10. C The fast-moving clouds are {bringing} {freezing} rain to the area.
EXERCISE 4 (Page 162)
1. I The food {is served} in this restaurant is delicious.
2. C The plane landed on the deserted runway.
3. I The unexpected guests {arrived} just at dinnertime.
4. I The courses are {listed} in the catalogue are {required} courses.
5. C The teacher found the lost exam.
6. I The small apartment very crowded and disorganized.
7. I The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
8. C The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
9. I The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. C The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
EXERCISE [Skills 3-4] (Page 163)
1. C Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
2. C The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.
3. C The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
4. C The winnwrs deserved the big prize.
5. I The plants are growing in the garden neeg a lot of water.
6. I The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
7. I The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
8. C The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.
9. I The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
10. C The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.
TOEFL EXERCISE [Skill 3-4] (Page 163)
1. The first (D. flowering plants) appeared during the last period of the dinosaurus regin.
2. The earliest medicines (C. were obtained) from plants of various sorts.
3. Simple sails were made from canvas (B. stretched) over a frame.
4. Pluto’s moon charoon (B. is moving) in a slightly path around elliptical around the planet.
5. Techniques of breath control form an essential part of any (D. training) program to improve the voice.
6. Robert E. lee (A. surrendered) the confederate army to general grant in 1865 at the Appomattox courthouse.
7. The pituitary gland (A. found below) the brain release hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age many children regulary produce sentences (B. containing) three of four words.
9. Multinational companies (B. are finding) it increasingly important to employ internationally accepabel brand names.
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiv on (C. the exposed part) of the eye.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE [Skill 1-4] (Page 164)
1. (B. the Polynesians arrived) first settled the Hawaiian islands between A.D. 300 and 750.
2. In 1066 a bright comet (A. was appearing) in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some daguerreotype cameras (C. from the view of the object) through a hole in the back of the bos.
4. In the stone agwe stone cools (B. they polished) with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the atlantic (A. was the) savannah in 1819.
6. The earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the earth ( C. called) faults.
7. The first plants like organisms probably (B. living) in the sea , perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness (D. heredity has) strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In watch the skies , Curtis peebles (C. fascination with making ) attempt to explain america’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of (B. Massachusetts is) a succession of bays and inlets with the hook of the cape god peninsula in the southeast.
EXERCISE 5 (Page 166)
1. C The lawn needs water every day, {or} it will turn brown.
2. I The book was not long, {but} it difficult to read.
3. I It was raining, {so} decide not to go camping.
4. C The material has been cut, {and} the pieces have been sewn together.
5. I The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
6. C The bill must be paid immediately, {or} the electricity will turned off.
7. C The furnance broke {so the} house got quite cold.
8. C The dress did not too much, {but} the quality it seemed excellent
9. I The leaves kept falling off the trees, {and} the boy kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered.
10. I The postman has already delivered the mail, {so} the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.
TOEFL
TOEFL is abbreviation from Test Of English as a Foreign Language. The toefl is ability stanritation language English some one in writing which includes four aspect that is listening, writing, reading and speaking. TOEFL scoring system in use option of each correct answer and maximal TOEFL value is 675. TOEFL is the ability of someone in general repose by US english using standaritation. TOEFL have two general purpose that is Academic and General. In the some from recomendation sertification TOEFL can use for second about things. Previous we have to know difference understanding certificate and sertification. TOEFL institutions world officially organize in specific agencies to issue a certificate recognized by the world. In generalitation score toefl average is 300 until 600.
Certificate is information person have been test committed TOEFL at of government official test which designted by institution TOEFL in the world. Not all institution have a take out the sertificate TOEFL. This certificate recognized and can be use for academic or general function. Sertification is information from educated ordinary institutions is doesn’t have intructions from the institution TOEFL in the world that the relevant have been test TOEFL at institution. Sertification of no more used as ilustration estimate ability language English someone or often called is with TOEFL prediction test. This certification can be use but usually company or internasional instution will be ask for official certificate. All question inTOEFL is multiple choice and special instruction answering.
Academic is using for test education purpose, study or relationship with academic activities of out country or in our Indonesia. Usually for postgraduate score minimal is 550 whole for undergraduate (S1) is 500. Generally TOEFL used for object employment, increase rank or work tasks. Many companies in here used standaritation language English official employer looking with score TOEFL. Generally, minimal TOEFL score is 500 for up rank standaritation. As i know, the Indonesian people passed the these test have a bad result. Even some of them doesn’t know what is TOEFL. But, not that’s with the people who take English when at the college. The minimal they know what is TOEFL. But the people who take English not always get an great result for the result.
The government through national education institution and expert educators able to change paradigma language English is foreign language. Because, the more foreign things, the more we don’t know how to use it. Wherease, the people Indonesian is people with over skill and so many human resource, so that become potential. TOEFL is skills exam language English be required to register in a college (in the university of United State or other country in the world). This exam is verry needed for some people which the language doesn’t use English language. This TOEFL exam organized by the office ETS (Educational Testing Service) in United State for all participants test in the world. Types of language English test TOEFL, in general required for regulations in college an all almost university in United State and Canada, good for the program undergraduate (S1) or graduate (S2 / S3).
TOEFL test results this also in used as material meditation about ability english language from candidate student who register at university in other countries, including university at Europe and Australia. In generally, test TOEFL oriented more to American English and differentiation with type test IELTS, this TOEFL test in generally doesn’t have individual sections such as interview test. Since of 1998, TOEFL test organized by online with using computer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), and since 2005 a called IBT(Internet-based Test). Used to doesn’t using CBT or IBT (because not have facility computer and interner network), TOEFL exam could still a manual use paper and potlo (Paper-based test or PBT). Information complete more about test CNT and paper based TOEFL in relationship with registration location management, cost and material preparation looking have inofficial site TOEFL. Exam result TOEFL version CBT have avarege score 0 until 300, while score for IBT is 0 until 120.
Certificate is information person have been test committed TOEFL at of government official test which designted by institution TOEFL in the world. Not all institution have a take out the sertificate TOEFL. This certificate recognized and can be use for academic or general function. Sertification is information from educated ordinary institutions is doesn’t have intructions from the institution TOEFL in the world that the relevant have been test TOEFL at institution. Sertification of no more used as ilustration estimate ability language English someone or often called is with TOEFL prediction test. This certification can be use but usually company or internasional instution will be ask for official certificate. All question inTOEFL is multiple choice and special instruction answering.
Academic is using for test education purpose, study or relationship with academic activities of out country or in our Indonesia. Usually for postgraduate score minimal is 550 whole for undergraduate (S1) is 500. Generally TOEFL used for object employment, increase rank or work tasks. Many companies in here used standaritation language English official employer looking with score TOEFL. Generally, minimal TOEFL score is 500 for up rank standaritation. As i know, the Indonesian people passed the these test have a bad result. Even some of them doesn’t know what is TOEFL. But, not that’s with the people who take English when at the college. The minimal they know what is TOEFL. But the people who take English not always get an great result for the result.
The government through national education institution and expert educators able to change paradigma language English is foreign language. Because, the more foreign things, the more we don’t know how to use it. Wherease, the people Indonesian is people with over skill and so many human resource, so that become potential. TOEFL is skills exam language English be required to register in a college (in the university of United State or other country in the world). This exam is verry needed for some people which the language doesn’t use English language. This TOEFL exam organized by the office ETS (Educational Testing Service) in United State for all participants test in the world. Types of language English test TOEFL, in general required for regulations in college an all almost university in United State and Canada, good for the program undergraduate (S1) or graduate (S2 / S3).
TOEFL test results this also in used as material meditation about ability english language from candidate student who register at university in other countries, including university at Europe and Australia. In generally, test TOEFL oriented more to American English and differentiation with type test IELTS, this TOEFL test in generally doesn’t have individual sections such as interview test. Since of 1998, TOEFL test organized by online with using computer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), and since 2005 a called IBT(Internet-based Test). Used to doesn’t using CBT or IBT (because not have facility computer and interner network), TOEFL exam could still a manual use paper and potlo (Paper-based test or PBT). Information complete more about test CNT and paper based TOEFL in relationship with registration location management, cost and material preparation looking have inofficial site TOEFL. Exam result TOEFL version CBT have avarege score 0 until 300, while score for IBT is 0 until 120.
Jumat, 31 Desember 2010
BISNIS DAN ETIKA
Mitos Bisnis Amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali. Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang.
Keutamaan Etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi orang-orang profesional di bidangnya Perusahaan yang unggul bukan hanya memiliki kinerja dalam bisnis,manajerial dan finansial yang baik akan tetapi juga kinerja etis dan etos bisnis yang baik
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat,maka konsumen benar-benar raja Kepercayaan konsumen dijaga dengan memperlihatkan citra bisnis yang baik dan etis
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka dengan peran pemerintah yang menjamin kepentingan dan hak bagi semua pihak, maka perusahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari bahwa karyawan bukanlah tenaga yang harus dieksploitasi demi mendapat keuntungan.
Prinsip-prinsip Etika Bisnis
1. Prinsip otonomi
Otonomi adalah sikap dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan kesadaran sendiri tentang apa yang dianggapnya baik untuk dilakukan.
2. Prinsip Kejujuran
Kejujuran dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dan kontrak
Kejujuran dalam penawaran barang dan jasa dengan mutu dan harga sebanding
Kejujuran dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan
3. Prinsip Keadilan
Prinsip keadilan menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan sesuai dengan kriteria yang rasional objektif dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
4.Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan
Prinsip ini menuntut agar bisnis dijalankan sedemikian rupa sehingga menguntungkan semua pihak.
5.Prinsip Integritas Moral
Prinsip ini dihayati sebagai tuntutan internal dalam diri pelaku bisnis atau perusahaan agar dia menjalankan bisnis dengan tetap menjaga nama baiknya atau nama baik perusahaan
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali. Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang.
Keutamaan Etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi orang-orang profesional di bidangnya Perusahaan yang unggul bukan hanya memiliki kinerja dalam bisnis,manajerial dan finansial yang baik akan tetapi juga kinerja etis dan etos bisnis yang baik
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat,maka konsumen benar-benar raja Kepercayaan konsumen dijaga dengan memperlihatkan citra bisnis yang baik dan etis
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka dengan peran pemerintah yang menjamin kepentingan dan hak bagi semua pihak, maka perusahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari bahwa karyawan bukanlah tenaga yang harus dieksploitasi demi mendapat keuntungan.
Prinsip-prinsip Etika Bisnis
1. Prinsip otonomi
Otonomi adalah sikap dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan kesadaran sendiri tentang apa yang dianggapnya baik untuk dilakukan.
2. Prinsip Kejujuran
Kejujuran dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dan kontrak
Kejujuran dalam penawaran barang dan jasa dengan mutu dan harga sebanding
Kejujuran dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan
3. Prinsip Keadilan
Prinsip keadilan menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan sesuai dengan kriteria yang rasional objektif dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
4.Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan
Prinsip ini menuntut agar bisnis dijalankan sedemikian rupa sehingga menguntungkan semua pihak.
5.Prinsip Integritas Moral
Prinsip ini dihayati sebagai tuntutan internal dalam diri pelaku bisnis atau perusahaan agar dia menjalankan bisnis dengan tetap menjaga nama baiknya atau nama baik perusahaan
KEADILAN DALAM BISNIS
KEADILAN DALAM BISNIS (5)
Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan mempunyai kaitan yg erat dg penegakan keadilan dlm masyarakat umumnya dan bisnis khususnya.
RUANG LINGKUP
1. PAHAM TRADISIONAL DALAM BISNIS
a. Keadilan Legal
b. Keadilan Komutatif
c. Keadilan Distributif
2. KEADILAN INDIVIDUAL DAN STRUKTURAL
3. TEORI KEADILAN ADAM SMITH
a. Prinsip No Harm
b. Prinsip Non-Intervention
c. Prinsip Keadilan Tukar
4. TEORI KEADILAN DISTRIBUTIF JOHN RAWLS
a. Prinsip-prinsip Keadilan Distributif Rawls
b. Kritik atas Teori Rawls
5. JALAN KELUAR ATAS MASALAH KETIMPANGAN EKONOMI
PAHAM TRADISIONAL DALAM BISNIS
a. Keadilan Legal
Menyangkut hubungan antara individu atau kelompok masyarakat dengan negara. Intinya adalah semua orang atau kelompok masyarakat diperlakukan secara sama oleh negara di hadapan hukum.
b. Keadilan Komutatif
Mengatur hubungan yg adil atau fair antara orang yg satu dg yg lain atau warga negara satu dg warga negara lainnya.
Dlm bisnis, keadilan komutatif disebut sbg keadilan tukar. Dengan kata lain keadilan komutatif menyangkut pertukaran yg fair antara pihak-pihak yg terlibat.
c. Keadilan Distributif
Keadilan distributif (keadilan ekonomi) adl distribusi ekonomi yg merata atau yg dianggap merata bagi semua warga negara. Menyangkut pembagian kekayaan ekonomi atau hasil-hasil pembangunan.
Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan mempunyai kaitan yg erat dg penegakan keadilan dlm masyarakat umumnya dan bisnis khususnya.
RUANG LINGKUP
1. PAHAM TRADISIONAL DALAM BISNIS
a. Keadilan Legal
b. Keadilan Komutatif
c. Keadilan Distributif
2. KEADILAN INDIVIDUAL DAN STRUKTURAL
3. TEORI KEADILAN ADAM SMITH
a. Prinsip No Harm
b. Prinsip Non-Intervention
c. Prinsip Keadilan Tukar
4. TEORI KEADILAN DISTRIBUTIF JOHN RAWLS
a. Prinsip-prinsip Keadilan Distributif Rawls
b. Kritik atas Teori Rawls
5. JALAN KELUAR ATAS MASALAH KETIMPANGAN EKONOMI
PAHAM TRADISIONAL DALAM BISNIS
a. Keadilan Legal
Menyangkut hubungan antara individu atau kelompok masyarakat dengan negara. Intinya adalah semua orang atau kelompok masyarakat diperlakukan secara sama oleh negara di hadapan hukum.
b. Keadilan Komutatif
Mengatur hubungan yg adil atau fair antara orang yg satu dg yg lain atau warga negara satu dg warga negara lainnya.
Dlm bisnis, keadilan komutatif disebut sbg keadilan tukar. Dengan kata lain keadilan komutatif menyangkut pertukaran yg fair antara pihak-pihak yg terlibat.
c. Keadilan Distributif
Keadilan distributif (keadilan ekonomi) adl distribusi ekonomi yg merata atau yg dianggap merata bagi semua warga negara. Menyangkut pembagian kekayaan ekonomi atau hasil-hasil pembangunan.
TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN
TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN (4)
1. Syarat bagi Tanggung Jawab Moral
Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan atau apapun namanya
Orang yang melakukan tindakan tertentu memang mau melakukan tindakan itu
2. Status Perusahaan
Terdapat dua pandangan (Richard T. De George, Business Ethics, hlm.153), yaitu:
• Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum, karena itu ada hanya berdasarkan hukum
• Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif
3. Lingkup Tanggung jawab Sosial
• Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas
• Keuntungan ekonomis
4. Argumen yang Menentang Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Tujuan utama Bisnis adalah Mengejar Keuntungan Sebesar-besarnya
• Tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan Harapan yang membingungkan
• Biaya Keterlibatan Sosial
• Kurangnya Tenaga Terampil di Bidang Kegiatan Sosial
5. Argumen yang Mendukung Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Kebutuhan dan Harapan Masyarakat yang Semakin Berubah
• Terbatasnya Sumber Daya Alam
• Lingkungan Sosial yang Lebih Baik
• Perimbangan Tanggung Jawab dan Kekuasaan
• Bisnis Mempunyai Sumber Daya yang Berguna
• Keuntungan Jangka Panjang
6. Implementasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
• Prinsip utama dalam suatu organisasi profesional, termasuk perusahaan, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
• Artinya, struktur suatu organisasi didasarkan ditentukan oleh strategi dari organisasi atau perusahaan itu
• Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, salah satu bentuk evaluasi yang mencakup nilai-nilai dan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan adalah Audit Sosial
1. Syarat bagi Tanggung Jawab Moral
Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan atau apapun namanya
Orang yang melakukan tindakan tertentu memang mau melakukan tindakan itu
2. Status Perusahaan
Terdapat dua pandangan (Richard T. De George, Business Ethics, hlm.153), yaitu:
• Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum, karena itu ada hanya berdasarkan hukum
• Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif
3. Lingkup Tanggung jawab Sosial
• Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas
• Keuntungan ekonomis
4. Argumen yang Menentang Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Tujuan utama Bisnis adalah Mengejar Keuntungan Sebesar-besarnya
• Tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan Harapan yang membingungkan
• Biaya Keterlibatan Sosial
• Kurangnya Tenaga Terampil di Bidang Kegiatan Sosial
5. Argumen yang Mendukung Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Kebutuhan dan Harapan Masyarakat yang Semakin Berubah
• Terbatasnya Sumber Daya Alam
• Lingkungan Sosial yang Lebih Baik
• Perimbangan Tanggung Jawab dan Kekuasaan
• Bisnis Mempunyai Sumber Daya yang Berguna
• Keuntungan Jangka Panjang
6. Implementasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
• Prinsip utama dalam suatu organisasi profesional, termasuk perusahaan, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
• Artinya, struktur suatu organisasi didasarkan ditentukan oleh strategi dari organisasi atau perusahaan itu
• Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, salah satu bentuk evaluasi yang mencakup nilai-nilai dan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan adalah Audit Sosial
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